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Prelims Replay · Subject-wise Practice

Environment and Ecology Prelims PYQs, 2017 to 2026

Practise all 147 UPSC Prelims GS Paper I questions from Environment and Ecology asked between 2017 to 2026 in one timed test, with UPSC marking, topic-wise analysis and explanations for every question.

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Read the questions in this paper
  1. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 21
    Consider the following statements with reference to India’s response to climate change:
    I. India’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
    II. India’s 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) submitted in December, 2024 recorded around 8% decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 over 2019.
    III. Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets.
    Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
    1. Statement I is empirically supported by statement II.
    2. Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I.
    3. Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability.
    Select the answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 3 only
  2. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 22
    With respect to the Western Hoolock Gibbons, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. A Sanctuary in North-east India is home to this ape species listed as Endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
    2. They have specialized brachiation and can easily swing between trees.
    3. They possess a strong and heavy build like gorillas, yet are remarkably agile tree climbers.
    Select the answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 3 only
  3. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 23
    Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience?
    1. Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts.
    2. Their salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones.
    3. By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities.
    Select the answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 3 only
  4. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 27
    Which of the following statements with regard to the arrival of Amur Falcons at Doyang Lake in Nagaland each year from Mongolia is/are correct?
    1. It showcases how sustained local conservation efforts can contribute to the arrival and protection of international migratory birds.
    2. It reflects the global success of advanced tracking technologies that guide migratory birds back to their stopover sites.
    3. It confirms that Amur Falcons have adapted to permanent residency in India due to favourable habitat changes.
    Select the answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 3 only
  5. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 32
    With reference to Madhav National Park, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. It was declared a Tiger Reserve in India in 2025.
    2. Sakhya Sagar, which is designated as a Ramsar Site, is situated within this National Park.
    3. Its area is shared between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
    Select the answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 3 only
  6. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 36
    Consider the following statements about Rhynchostylis retusa (Foxtail orchid):
    1. It is an epiphytic orchid.
    2. The species is endemic to North-east India.
    3. It is the State flower of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 3
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 3 only
  7. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 38
    At the United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC) held in June, 2025 in France, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations demonstrated its leading voice on marine and ocean issues, especially on sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for resilient livelihood and “Blue Transformation”.
    Which of the following combinations about the “Four Betters” proposed by FAO for “Blue Transformation” is correct?
    1. Better production, better nutrition, better environment and better ocean
    2. Better production, better nutrition, better environment and better life
    3. Better coral reefs, better nutrition, better environment and better life
    4. Better estuaries, better nutrition, better environment and better mangrove vegetation
  8. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 40
    Which one of the following is the first Plan Vivo certified Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) project in India?
    1. Uttarakhand REDD+ project
    2. ICFRE-ICIMOD Transboundary REDD+ project in North-Eastern Himalayas
    3. Khasi Hills Community REDD+ project
    4. Sikkim Mamley Kamrang Community REDD+ project
  9. UPSC Prelims 2026, Question 77
    Which of the following statements in relation to NIRANTAR (National Institute for Research and Application of Natural Resources to Transform, Adapt and Build Resilience), a platform of institutions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is/are correct?
    1. Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
    2. Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi.
    3. Capacity Development Support is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.
    Select the answer using the code given below:
    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 only
    4. 3 only
  10. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 9
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Circular economy reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases.
    Statement II: Circular economy reduces the use of raw materials as inputs.
    Statement III: Circular economy reduces wastage in the production process.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
    2. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
    3. Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
    4. Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
  11. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 31
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Studies indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from cement industry account for more than 5% of global carbon emissions.
    Statement II: Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone while manufacturing cement.
    Statement III: Limestone is converted into lime during clinker production for cement manufacturing.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
    2. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
    3. Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
    4. Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
  12. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 32
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the ‘Declaration on Climate and Health’.
    Statement II: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector.
    Statement III: If India’s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
    2. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
    3. Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
    4. Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
  13. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 34
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.
    Statement II: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.
    Statement III: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
    2. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
    3. Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
    4. Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
  14. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 35
    Which one of the following launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?
    1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB)
    2. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
    3. The New Development Bank (NDB)
    4. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
  15. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 36
    With reference to ‘Direct Air Capture’, an emerging technology, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    I. It can be used as a way of carbon sequestration.
    II. It can be a valuable approach for plastic production and in food processing.
    III. In aviation, it can be a source of carbon for combining with hydrogen to create synthetic low-carbon fuel.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. I and II only
    2. III only
    3. I, II and III
    4. None of the above statements is correct
  16. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 37
    Regarding Peacock tarantula (Gooty tarantula), consider the following statements:
    I. It is an omnivorous crustacean.
    II. Its natural habitat in India is only limited to some forest areas.
    III. In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal species.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. I only
    2. I and III
    3. II only
    4. II and III
  17. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 38
    Consider the following statements:
    I. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO2/capita.
    II. In terms of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region.
    III. Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO2 emissions in India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. I and III only
    2. II only
    3. II and III only
    4. I, II and III
  18. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 39
    Consider the following pairs:
    PlantDescription
    I.CassavaWoody shrub
    II.GingerHerb with pseudostem
    III.Malabar spinachHerbaceous climber
    IV.MintAnnual shrub
    V.PapayaWoody shrub
    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
    1. Only two
    2. Only three
    3. Only four
    4. All the five
  19. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 40
    With reference to the planet Earth, consider the following statements:
    I. Rain forests produce more oxygen than that produced by oceans.
    II. Marine phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria produce about 50% of world’s oxygen.
    III. Well-oxygenated surface water contains several folds higher oxygen than that in atmospheric air.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. I and II
    2. II only
    3. I and III
    4. None of the above statements is correct
  20. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 50
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Activated carbon is a good and an attractive tool to remove pollutants from effluent streams and to remediate contaminants from various industries.
    Statement II: Activated carbon exhibits a large surface area and a strong potential for adsorbing heavy metals.
    Statement III: Activated carbon can be easily synthesized from environmental wastes with high carbon content.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
    2. Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
    3. Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
    4. Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
  21. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 64
    The World Bank warned that India could become one of the first places where wet-bulb temperatures routinely exceed 35 °C. Which of the following statements best reflect(s) the implication of the above-said report?
    I. Peninsular India will most likely suffer from flooding, tropical cyclones and droughts.
    II. The survival of animals including humans will be affected as shedding of their body heat through perspiration becomes difficult.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. I only
    2. II only
    3. Both I and II
    4. Neither I nor II
  22. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 85
    Artificial way of causing rainfall to reduce air pollution makes use of
    1. silver iodide and potassium iodide
    2. silver nitrate and potassium iodide
    3. silver iodide and potassium nitrate
    4. silver nitrate and potassium chloride
  23. UPSC Prelims 2025, Question 90
    Which organization has enacted the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss?
    1. The European Union
    2. The World Bank
    3. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
    4. The Food and Agriculture Organization
  24. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 16
    One of the following regions has the world’s largest tropical peatland, which holds about three years worth of global carbon emissions from fossil fuels; and the possible destruction of which can exert detrimental effect on the global climate. Which one of the following denotes that region?
    1. Amazon Basin
    2. Congo Basin
    3. Kikori Basin
    4. Rio de la Plata Basin
  25. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 17
    With reference to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are used in making many consumer products, consider the following statements:
    1. PFAS are found to be widespread in drinking water, food and food packaging materials.
    2. PFAS are not easily degraded in the environment.
    3. Persistent exposure to PFAS can lead to bioaccumulation in animal bodies.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  26. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 18
    Consider the following:
    1. Carabid beetles
    2. Centipedes
    3. Flies
    4. Termites
    5. Wasps
    Parasitoid species are found in how many of the above kind of organisms?
    1. Only two
    2. Only three
    3. Only four
    4. All five
  27. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 19
    Consider the following plants:
    1. Groundnut
    2. Horse-gram
    3. Soybean
    How many of the above belong to the pea family?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  28. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 21
    The organisms “Cicada, Froghopper and Pond skater” are:
    1. Birds
    2. Fish
    3. Insects
    4. Reptiles
  29. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 22
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: Many chewing gums found in the market are considered a source of environmental pollution.
    Statement-II: Many chewing gums contain plastic as gum base.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
  30. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 23
    Consider the following pairs:
    CountryAnimal found in its natural habitat
    1.BrazilIndri
    2.IndonesiaElk
    3.MadagascarBonobo
    How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  31. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 25
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
    2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.
    3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  32. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 28
    Which one of the following shows a unique relationship with an insect that has coevolved with it and that is the only insect that can pollinate this tree?
    1. Fig
    2. Mahua
    3. Sandalwood
    4. Silk cotton
  33. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 29
    Consider the following:
    1. Butterflies
    2. Fish
    3. Frogs
    How many of the above have poisonous species among them?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  34. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 30
    Consider the following:
    1. Cashew
    2. Papaya
    3. Red sanders
    How many of the above trees are actually native to India?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  35. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 39
    “Membrane Bioreactors” are often discussed in the context of:
    1. Assisted reproductive technologies
    2. Drug delivery nanotechnologies
    3. Vaccine production technologies
    4. Wastewater treatment technologies
  36. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 90
    According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions?
    1. Locomotives using fossil fuels
    2. Ships using fossil fuels
    3. Extraction of metals from ores
    4. Power plants using fossil fuels
  37. UPSC Prelims 2024, Question 96
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: The European Parliament approved The Net-Zero Industry Act recently.
    Statement-II: The European Union intends to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040 and therefore aims to develop all of its own clean technology by that time.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
    2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
    3. Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
  38. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 3
    Consider the following trees:
    1. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
    2. Mahua (Madhuca indica)
    3. Teak (Tectona grandis)
    How many of the above are deciduous trees?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  39. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 12
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: Marsupials are not naturally found in India.
    Statement-II: Marsupials can thrive only in montane grasslands with no predators.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
    2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
    3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
  40. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 13
    ‘Invasive Species Specialist Group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations?
    1. The International Union for Conservation of Nature
    2. The United Nations Environment Programme
    3. The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
    4. The World Wide Fund for Nature
  41. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 14
    Consider the following fauna:
    1. Lion-tailed Macaque
    2. Malabar Civet
    3. Sambar Deer
    How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  42. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 15
    Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food?
    1. Butterflies
    2. Dragonflies
    3. Honeybees
    4. Wasps
  43. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 16
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Some mushrooms have medicinal properties.
    2. Some mushrooms have psycho-active properties.
    3. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties.
    4. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties.
    How many of the above statements are correct?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. Only three
    4. All four
  44. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 17
    Consider the following statements regarding the Indian squirrels:
    1. They build nests by making burrows in the ground.
    2. They store their food materials like nuts and seeds in the ground.
    3. They are omnivorous.
    How many of the above statements are correct?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  45. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 18
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature above the boiling point of water.
    2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature below the freezing point of water.
    3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environment with a pH below 3.
    How many of the above statements are correct?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  46. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 19
    Which one of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a log of wood?
    1. Fishing cat
    2. Orangutan
    3. Otter
    4. Sloth bear
  47. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 20
    Consider the following:
    1. Aerosols
    2. Foam agents
    3. Fire retardants
    4. Lubricants
    In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. Only three
    4. All four
  48. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 23
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change.
    Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
    2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
    3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
  49. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 38
    Consider the following statements:
    Once the Central Government notifies an area as a ‘Community Reserve’
    1. the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such forest
    2. hunting is not allowed in such area
    3. people of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce
    4. people of such area are allowed traditional agricultural practices
    How many of the above statements are correct?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. Only three
    4. All four
  50. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 59
    Consider the following statements regarding mercury pollution:
    1. Gold mining activity is a source of mercury pollution in the world.
    2. Coal-based thermal power plants cause mercury pollution.
    3. There is no known safe level of exposure to mercury.
    How many of the above statements are correct?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  51. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 63
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: The soil in tropical rain forests is rich in nutrients.
    Statement-II: The high temperature and moisture of tropical rain forests cause dead organic matter in the soil to decompose quickly.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
    2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
    3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
    4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
  52. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 68
    Consider the following activities:
    1. Spreading finely ground basalt rock on farmlands extensively
    2. Increasing the alkalinity of oceans by adding lime
    3. Capturing carbon dioxide released by various industries and pumping it into abandoned subterranean mines in the form of carbonated waters
    How many of the above activities are often considered and discussed for carbon capture and sequestration?
    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
  53. UPSC Prelims 2023, Question 79
    Consider the following statements:
    1. In India, the Biodiversity Management Committees are key to the realization of the objectives of the Nagoya Protocol.
    2. The Biodiversity Management Committees have important functions in determining access and benefit sharing, including the power to levy collection fees on the access of biological resources within its jurisdiction.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
  54. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 21
    Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide?
    1. Cotton
    2. Rice
    3. Sugarcane
    4. Wheat
  55. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 41
    “Climate Action Tracker” which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a:
    1. Database created by coalition of research organisations
    2. Wing of “International Panel of Climate Change”
    3. Committee under “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”
    4. Agency promoted and financed by United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank
  56. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 42
    Consider the following statements:
    1. “The Climate Group” is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.
    2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”.
    3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
    4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
    5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1, 2, 4 and 5
    2. 1, 3 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 5 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
  57. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 43
    “If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement?
    1. The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and evaporation.
    2. Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles and mammals thrive.
    3. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and soil stabilization.
    4. Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients.
  58. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 44
    In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements:
    1. The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 µg/m3 and annual mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 µg/m3.
    2. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during the periods of inclement weather.
    3. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream.
    4. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1, 3 and 4
    2. 1 and 4 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1 and 2 only
  59. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 45
    With reference to “Gucchi” sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a fungus.
    2. It grows in some Himalayan forest areas.
    3. It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of north-eastern India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 2
    4. 2 and 3
  60. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 47
    Which of the following is not a bird?
    1. Golden Mahseer
    2. Indian Nightjar
    3. Spoonbill
    4. White Ibis
  61. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 48
    Which of the following are nitrogen-fixing plants?
    1. Alfalfa
    2. Amaranth
    3. Chickpea
    4. Clover
    5. Purslane (Kulfa)
    6. Spinach
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1, 3, 5 and 6 only
    3. 2, 4, 5 and 6 only
    4. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6
  62. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 49
    “Biorock technology” is talked about in which one of the following situations?
    1. Restoration of damaged coral reefs
    2. Development of building materials using plant residues
    3. Identification of areas for exploration/extraction of shale gas
    4. Providing salt licks for wild animals in forests/protected areas
  63. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 50
    The “Miyawaki method” is well known for the:
    1. Promotion of commercial farming in arid and semi-arid areas
    2. Development of gardens using genetically modified flora
    3. Creation of mini forests in urban areas
    4. Harvesting wind energy on coastal areas and on sea surfaces
  64. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 75
    Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986?
    1. Central Water Commission
    2. Central Ground Water Board
    3. Central Ground Water Authority
    4. National Water Development Agency
  65. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 80
    Which one of the following best describes the term “greenwashing”?
    1. Conveying a false impression that a company’s products are eco-friendly and environmentally sound
    2. Non-inclusion of ecological/environmental costs in the Annual Financial Statements of a country
    3. Ignoring the disastrous ecological consequences while undertaking infrastructure development
    4. Making mandatory provisions for environmental costs in a government project/programme
  66. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 89
    With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements:
    1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government.
    2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside.
    3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 only
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 3 only
  67. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 90
    Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi?
    1. Ant
    2. Cockroach
    3. Crab
    4. Spider
  68. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 99
    Consider the following statements:
    DNA Barcoding can be a tool to:
    1. assess the age of a plant or animal.
    2. distinguish among species that look alike.
    3. identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 2
    4. 2 and 3
  69. UPSC Prelims 2022, Question 100
    Consider the following:
    1. Carbon monoxide
    2. Nitrogen oxide
    3. Ozone
    4. Sulphur dioxide
    Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are cause(s) of acid rain?
    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4
  70. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 16
    ‘R2 Code of Practices’ constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of
    1. environmentally responsible practices in electronics recycling industry
    2. ecological management of ‘Wetlands of International Importance’ under the Ramsar Convention
    3. sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands
    4. ‘Environmental Impact Assessment’ in the exploitation of natural resources
  71. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 17
    Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants?
    1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into environment.
    2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into environment.
    3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  72. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 18
    With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a product of oil refineries.
    2. Some industries use it to generate power.
    3. Its use causes sulphur emissions into environment.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  73. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 19
    What is blue carbon?
    1. Carbon captured by oceans and coastal ecosystems
    2. Carbon sequestered in forest biomass and agricultural soils
    3. Carbon contained in petroleum and natural gas
    4. Carbon present in atmosphere
  74. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 20
    In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?
    1. Fern
    2. Lichen
    3. Moss
    4. Mushroom
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1 and 4 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 1, 3 and 4
  75. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 21
    Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent?
    1. Congress grass
    2. Elephant grass
    3. Lemongrass
    4. Nut grass
  76. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 22
    Consider the following kinds of organisms:
    1. Copepods
    2. Cyanobacteria
    3. Diatoms
    4. Foraminifera
    Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?
    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 3 and 4
    4. 1 and 4
  77. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 23
    Consider the following animals:
    1. Hedgehog
    2. Marmot
    3. Pangolin
    To reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organisms rolls up/roll up and protects/protect its/their vulnerable parts?
    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1 and 3
  78. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 24
    With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’, which of the following statements are correct?
    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014.
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests.
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration.
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1, 2 and 4
    2. 1, 3 and 5
    3. 3 and 4
    4. 2 and 5
  79. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 25
    Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems, are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?
    1. Brakes of motor vehicles
    2. Engines of motor vehicles
    3. Microwave stoves within homes
    4. Power plants
    5. Telephone lines
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 3, 4 and 5 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
  80. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 26
    Which one of the following is a filter feeder?
    1. Catfish
    2. Octopus
    3. Oyster
    4. Pelican
  81. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 27
    In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle?
    1. Carbon cycle
    2. Nitrogen cycle
    3. Phosphorus cycle
    4. Sulphur cycle
  82. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 28
    Which of the following are detritivores?
    1. Earthworms
    2. Jellyfish
    3. Millipedes
    4. Seahorses
    5. Woodlice
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    3. 1, 3 and 5 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
  83. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 29
    The ‘Common Carbon Metric’, supported by UNEP, has been developed for
    1. assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world
    2. enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading
    3. enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries
    4. assessing the overall carbon footprint caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time
  84. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 30
    Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
    1. Cnidarians
    2. Fungi
    3. Protozoa
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  85. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 59
    In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements:
    1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.
    2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
    3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  86. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 60
    “Leaf litter decomposes faster than in any other biome and as a result the soil surface is often almost bare. Apart from trees, the vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach up into the canopy vicariously, by climbing the trees or growing as epiphytes, rooted on the upper branches of trees.” This is the most likely description of
    1. coniferous forest
    2. dry deciduous forest
    3. mangrove forest
    4. tropical rain forest
  87. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 61
    The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions?
    1. Burrowing animals and termites
    2. Fire
    3. Grazing herbivores
    4. Seasonal rainfall
    5. Soil properties
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1 and 2
    2. 4 and 5
    3. 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1, 3 and 5
  88. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 75
    ‘Triclosan’, considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following?
    1. Food preservatives
    2. Fruit-ripening substances
    3. Reused plastic containers
    4. Toiletries
  89. UPSC Prelims 2021, Question 97
    Consider the following statements:
    Statement 1: The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Arbor Day Foundation have recently recognized Hyderabad as 2020 Tree City of the World.
    Statement 2: Hyderabad was selected for the recognition for a year following its commitment to grow and maintain the urban forests.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
    1. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1
    2. Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct but Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1
    3. Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is not correct
    4. Statement 1 is not correct but Statement 2 is correct
  90. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 48
    Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution?
    1. Automobile exhaust
    2. Tobacco smoke
    3. Wood burning
    4. Using varnished wooden furniture
    5. Using products made of polyurethane
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
  91. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 72
    With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
    1. The leader of an elephant group is a female.
    2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
    3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
    4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4 only
  92. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 73
    Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin?
    1. Nagarhole National Park
    2. Papikonda National Park
    3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
    4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
  93. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 74
    With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are
    1. Birds
    2. Primates
    3. Reptiles
    4. Amphibians
  94. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 75
    Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?
    1. Kanha National Park
    2. Manas National Park
    3. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
    4. Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary
  95. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 76
    Steel slag can be the material for which of the following?
    1. Construction of base road
    2. Improvement of agricultural soil
    3. Production of cement
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  96. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 77
    Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat?
    1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary
    2. Gangotri National Park
    3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
    4. Manas National Park
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 and 4 only
    4. 1 and 4 only
  97. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 78
    In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint?
    1. Copper slag
    2. Cold mix asphalt technology
    3. Geotextiles
    4. Hot mix asphalt technology
    5. Portland cement
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 4 and 5 only
    4. 1 and 5 only
  98. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 79
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury.
    2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment.
    3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  99. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 81
    If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication?
    1. A licence is required to cultivate that plant.
    2. Such a plant cannot be cultivated under any circumstances.
    3. It is a Genetically Modified crop plant.
    4. Such a plant is invasive and harmful to the ecosystem.
  100. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 85
    Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’?
    It is a measure, in monetary value, of the
    1. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emissions in a given year.
    2. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
    3. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
    4. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
  101. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 95
    With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct?
    1. It is spread over two districts.
    2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
    3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Indian Bustard.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  102. UPSC Prelims 2020, Question 100
    Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
    1. Corbett
    2. Ranthambore
    3. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
    4. Sunderbans
  103. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 18
    Which one of the following National Parks lies completely in the temperate alpine zone?
    1. Manas National Park
    2. Namdapha National Park
    3. Neora Valley National Park
    4. Valley of Flowers National Park
  104. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 22
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.
    2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
    3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  105. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 25
    In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere?
    1. Creating the artificial rains in some regions
    2. Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones
    3. Reducing the adverse effects of solar wind on the Earth
    4. Reducing the global warming
  106. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 26
    In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?
    1. Extraction of rare earth elements
    2. Natural gas extraction technologies
    3. Hydrogen fuel-based automobiles
    4. Waste-to-energy technologies
  107. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 27
    Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve?
    1. Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
    2. Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley National Park
    3. Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Mukurthi National Park
    4. Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
  108. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 28
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Some species of turtles are herbivores.
    2. Some species of fish are herbivores.
    3. Some species of marine mammals are herbivores.
    4. Some species of snakes are viviparous.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?
    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
  109. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 29
    Consider the following pairs:
    WildlifeNaturally found in
    1.Blue-finned MahseerCauvery River
    2.Irrawaddy DolphinChambal River
    3.Rusty-spotted CatEastern Ghats
    Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  110. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 30
    Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?
    1. They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
    2. They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
    3. They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
    4. They are often found to be used as food adulterants.
  111. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 31
    Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of
    1. anti-malarial drug
    2. biodiesel
    3. pulp for paper industry
    4. textile fibre
  112. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 34
    Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’?
    1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.
    2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor.
    3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  113. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 35
    Consider the following:
    1. Carbon monoxide
    2. Methane
    3. Ozone
    4. Sulphur dioxide
    Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
  114. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 39
    In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as
    1. pesticides in agriculture
    2. preservatives in processed foods
    3. fruit-ripening agents
    4. moisturising agents in cosmetics
  115. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 40
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
    2. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.
    3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  116. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 41
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
    2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
    3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 2 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  117. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 55
    Consider the following statements:
    1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.
    2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.
    3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  118. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 58
    Consider the following statements:
    The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to
    1. state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought
    2. lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
  119. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 59
    As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct?
    1. Waste generator has to segregate waste into five categories.
    2. The Rules are applicable to notified urban local bodies, notified towns and all industrial townships only.
    3. The Rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for the identification of sites for landfills and waste processing facilities.
    4. It is mandatory on the part of waste generator that the waste generated in one district cannot be moved to another district.
  120. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 68
    Consider the following statements:
    1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels.
    2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
  121. UPSC Prelims 2019, Question 78
    In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?
    1. The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
    2. The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
    3. The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
    4. The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
  122. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 2
    Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?
    1. Hard and waxy leaves
    2. Tiny leaves
    3. Thorns instead of leaves
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 2 and 3 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  123. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 4
    How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?
    1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.
    2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
  124. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 35
    With reference to the ‘Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. GACSA is an outcome of the Climate Summit held in Paris in 2015.
    2. Membership of GACSA does not create any binding obligations.
    3. India was instrumental in the creation of GACSA.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  125. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 60
    The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of
    1. Widespread monoculture practices in agriculture and large-scale commercial farming with indiscriminate use of chemicals in many parts of the world that may result in the loss of good native ecosystems.
    2. Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite with the Earth in the near future in the manner it happened 65 million years ago that caused the mass extinction of many species including those of dinosaurs.
    3. Large scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in many parts of the world and promoting their cultivation in other parts of the world which may cause the disappearance of good native crop plants and the loss of food biodiversity.
    4. Mankind’s over-exploitation/misuse of natural resources, fragmentation/loss of natural habitats, destruction of ecosystems, pollution and global climate change.
  126. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 65
    Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”?
    1. Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    2. Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    3. Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    4. Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
  127. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 81
    Which of the following is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy sand mining in riverbeds?
    1. Decreased salinity in the river
    2. Pollution of groundwater
    3. Lowering of the water-table
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  128. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 83
    The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at
    1. The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg
    2. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro
    3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris
    4. The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi
  129. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 86
    Why is a plant called Prosopis juliflora often mentioned in news?
    1. Its extract is widely used in cosmetics.
    2. It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the area in which it grows.
    3. Its extract is used in the synthesis of pesticides.
    4. None of the above
  130. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 87
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Most of the world’s coral reefs are in tropical waters.
    2. More than one-third of the world’s coral reefs are located in the territories of Australia, Indonesia and Philippines.
    3. Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical rainforests.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  131. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 88
    “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by
    1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    2. The UNEP Secretariat
    3. The UNFCCC Secretariat
    4. The World Meteorological Organization
  132. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 94
    In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located?
    1. Arunachal Pradesh
    2. Manipur
    3. Meghalaya
    4. Nagaland
  133. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 98
    Consider the following statements:
    1. The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
    2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights.
    3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  134. UPSC Prelims 2018, Question 99
    Consider the following:
    1. Birds
    2. Dust blowing
    3. Rain
    4. Wind blowing
    Which of the above spread plant diseases?
    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
  135. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 4
    From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?
    1. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
    2. Nallamala Forest
    3. Nagarhole National Park
    4. Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
  136. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 6
    Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC):
    1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
    2. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
  137. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 14
    In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique?
    1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.
    2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms.
    3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  138. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 21
    Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences?
    1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected.
    2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants.
    3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  139. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 25
    In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?
    1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams
    2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
    3. Subterranean deep saline formations
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  140. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 35
    According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law?
    1. Gharial
    2. Indian wild ass
    3. Wild buffalo
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  141. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 52
    With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
    2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
    3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
  142. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 59
    Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for
    1. Measuring oxygen levels in blood
    2. Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
    3. Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
    4. Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions
  143. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 65
    Consider the following statements:
    1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries.
    2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
  144. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 67
    If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit?
    1. Bhitarkanika Mangroves
    2. Chambal River
    3. Pulicat Lake
    4. Deepor Beel
  145. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 80
    The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of
    1. Captive breeding of Wild Fauna
    2. Maintenance of Tiger Reserves
    3. Indigenous Satellite Navigation System
    4. Security of National Highways
  146. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 91
    In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?
    1. It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger.
    2. It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction.
    3. It is endemic to a particular region of India.
    4. Both (b) and (c) stated above are correct in this context.
  147. UPSC Prelims 2017, Question 95
    Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites?
    1. Corbett National Park
    2. Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary
    3. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
    4. Sariska National Park

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Environment and Ecology: Questions Across the Years

20269
202514
202414
202316
202216
202120
202013
201919
201813
201713

Most-asked topics

  • Climate Change and Pollution: 52 questions
  • Biodiversity and Species: 40 questions
  • Environmental Conventions and Bodies: 22 questions
  • Protected Areas and Conservation: 18 questions
  • Ecology Concepts: 15 questions

Counts cover UPSC Prelims GS Paper I from 2017 to 2026. Questions spanning two subjects are counted in both. Questions dropped by UPSC are excluded. The 2026 answers follow UPSC’s provisional answer key.

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